Ethnographic Paper

On November Seventh, 2012 at 1:39 PM I went to Naan Stop to proceed with my perceptions from previously. I went in and it was a similar representative who has been working there each of the multiple times I’ve gone in. As common I was the main individual there, the radio was playing a well known pop tune by the band One Direction. The proprietor of the store was in the back and jumped out to make proper acquaintance with me and ask how I was doing. I got my standard thing, a little mocha Boba and I held up as the representative, a youthful Mexican presumably in his 20’s made the Boba with a similar glare he has on each opportunity I come in.I remained in Naan stop for twenty minutes and nobody came in. On November Sixth 4:50 PM I went to Naan stop with my companion and we got Boba. We were the main ones in there from the outset yet then two Indian men in their late twenties came in and welcomed the proprietor. They talked in what I accepted that was hindi and afterward changed to english and afterward back to hindi. I assembled that both the Indian men were graduate understudies at UCSB sooner or later and had returned for the end of the week to make proper acquaintance with old companions. I thought that it was odd that they didn’t request anything from Naan Stop, they visited with the proprietor and snapped a photo with him and afterward left.The music playing during their experience was again mainstream society. On the off chance that there wasn’t Indian food and two or three little social Indian sculptures one could never realize it was an Indian Restaurant. My companion held up ten minutes after the Indian men left for new individuals to come in however got baffled and left. I remained for 40 minutes and inside my 40 minutes two student understudies came in and got get Indian and left, four young ladies all wearing their Alpha Phi letters came in requested Boba and left. A moderately aged man and his significant other came in, I remembered them from about fourteen days back when I was doing observations.The spouse, like last time, was wearing an amazingly low profile shirt and her bosoms were really spilling out. The man was in a tank top, they requested Indian food and were the principal clients I’d found over the most recent two days to really eat the food at the eatery. They were noisy and I’d expect that they were lower class or lower working class. The lady continued forever about her â€Å"fancy† sister going to Mexico. She continued saying extravagant with such scorn, the one Mexican worker livened up at the name of Mexico yet then got uninterested and returned to gazing at his telephone as the woman continued forever how her sister had a superior life.The man continued gazing at me and I felt entirely awkward, I accept he knew that I was watching them. He murmured something to his significant other and the two of them turned around and gazed at me as I was claiming to message s omebody. They completed their supper not long after and as they tossed out their refuse the lady feigned exacerbation at me. They hated being the objects of my perception and I’m almost certain their indignation originated from humiliation. When they kept and were separate from vision I got together my things and left.

Examining Juliets Response in Act 3, Scene 5 :: Papers

Looking at Juliet's Response in Act 3, Scene 5 Juliet is pitiful, very stressed, when she is with her guardians once more. Romeo is going to leave Juliet in the wake of spending their wedding night together. This idea is insufferable for Juliet. Romeo needs to go before day comes in light of the fact that else, he will get captured by Juliet's brother and may be executed. Romeo utilizes a complexity and very direct basic language to disclose his circumstance to Juliet 'I should be proceeded to live, or remain and kick the bucket.' The pressure and enthusiastic tension brought about by this profound circumstance impacts on Juliet's reaction to her guardians. She is stressed and terrified. She is crying when her woman Capulet comes in. Woman Capulet comes in and sees Juliet is crying and thinks she is sobbing for her loss of cousin, Tyblat. 'Evermore sobbing for your cousin's passing?' at that point Juliet reacts 'yet let me sob for such feeling misfortune.' Her mom accepts that Juliet's misfortune is Tybalt, in light of the fact that she doesn't realize she is totally infatuated with Romeo. This utilization of sensational incongruity in light of the fact that the crowds realize that Juliet's misfortune implies Romeo yet Lady Capulet thinks her misfortune is Tybalt. Juliet is deceives her mom by responding to her inquiries in a dubious manner. Shakespeare utilizes it to shows she is keen and shrewd. She additionally says to her mother 'without a doubt I never will be happy with Romeo, till I view him - dead, notice when she talks this sentence there is a delay before she says dead. This implies she doesn't need Romeo dead. The reason that she says that is to deceive her mom. She answers her mother's inquiry skilfully, and she is playing on words. At the point when Lady Capulet reveals to Juliet that they have masterminded her marriage for her with Paris, She will not wed him. She says 'I won't wed at this point. Also, when I do, I swear it will be Romeo, whom you know I loathe, instead of Paris.' At this point Shakespeare utilizes another compelling sensational incongruity. She wouldn't like to wed Paris since she

Software Requirement Specification

Software Requirement Specification IntroductionPurposeThe purpose of this document is to present a detailed description of the Questionnaire data gather System. It will explain the purpose and features of the system, the interfaces of the system, what the system will do, the constraints under which it must operate and how the system will react to external stimuli. This document is intended for both the stakeholders and the developers of the system.Scope of ProjectThis software system will be a Data-gather System  for different organizations that want to carry out research work using questionnaires. This system will be designed to maximize the organization’s productivity by providing tools to assist in automating the questionnaire  review  and publishing process, which would otherwise have to be performed manually. More specifically, this system is designed to allow organizations that wish to gather data from public by means of questionnaire to insert a questionnaire of their own design into the system.  The system a lso contains a relational database  containing a list of organizations, questionnaires and other relevant information concerning the questionnaires.Overall Description of the SystemThis document contains the problem statement that the current system is facing which is hampering the growth opportunities of the company. It further contains a list of the stakeholders and users of the proposed solution. It also illustrates the needs and wants of the stakeholders. It further lists and briefly describes the major features and a brief description of the proposed system.This section provides the detail functions of a Data-gather system with user characteristics permitted constraints, assumptions and dependencies and requirements subsets.Functional Requirements Software Requirement Specification Home›Descriptive Posts›Software Requirement Specification Descriptive PostsIntroductionPurposeThe purpose of this document is to present a detailed description of the Questionnaire data gather System. It will explain the purpose and features of the system, the interfaces of the system, what the system will do, the constraints under which it must operate and how the system will react to external stimuli. This document is intended for both the stakeholders and the developers of the system.Scope of ProjectThis software system will be a Data-gather System  for different organizations that want to carry out research work using questionnaires. This system will be designed to maximize the organization’s productivity by providing tools to assist in automating the questionnaire  review  and publishing process, which would otherwise have to be performed manually. More specifically, this system is designed to allow organizations that wish to gather data from public by means of questionnaire to insert a questionnaire of their own design into the system.  The system also contains a relational database  containing a list of organizations, questionnaires and other relevant information concerning the questionnaires.Overall Description of the SystemThis document contains the problem statement that the current system is facing which is hampering the growth opportunities of the company. It further contains a list of the stakeholders and users of the proposed solution. It also illustrates the needs and wants of the stakeholders. It further lists and briefly describes the major features and a brief description of the proposed system.This section provides the detail functions of a Data-gather system with user characteristics permitted constraints, assumptions and dependencies and requirements subsets.Functional RequirementsThis subsection contains the functional requirements for the system.Display an introductory descriptive paragraphs for t he system, what it does and the targeted usersThe system shall present the title of the questionnaires after the introductory paragraph.The system shall allow the user to select the questionnaire which he/she shall answer.Each question in the questionnaire shall be a statement and shall have a check box on which the user can click to answer the question.The system shall have a submit button that a user can click on in order to submit his/her questionnaire.The system shall allow a user to make changes on the questionnaire as long as s/he has not pressed on the submit button.The system shall allow an organization to insert a questionnaire of their own design.Provide Search facility.The system shall enable user/organization to enter the search text on the screen.The system shall enable user to select multiple options on the screen to search.The system shall enable user to navigate between the search results.The system shall notify the user when no matching items are found on the search .Maintain customer profile.The system shall allow user to create profile and set his credential.The system shall authenticate user credentials to view the profile.The system shall allow user to update the profile information.Provide Customer Support.The system shall provide online help, FAQ’s customer support, and sitemap options for user support.The system shall allow user to select the support type she/he wants.The system shall display the customer support contact numbers on the screen.The system shall allow user to enter the contact number for support personnel to call.The system shall display the online help upon request.The system shall display the FAQ’s upon request.Allow online change or cancellation of a questionnaire.The system shall display the questionnaires that are eligible to change.The system shall allow user to select the questionnaire to be changed.The system shall allow user to cancel the questionnaire.The system shall allow the user to submit a questionnaire l ater.The system shall notify the user about any changes made to the questionnaire.All this features will only be available to authorized persons only.Provide detailed sitemap.The system shall allow user to view detailed sitemap.The System shall be able to present a summary of the responses collected, offering the authorized user a choice of statistical presentations of the data.Non-Functional RequirementsUsabilityGraphical User InterfaceThe system shall provide a uniform look and feel between all the web pages..The system shall provide use of icons and toolbars.AccessibilityThe system shall provide handicap access.The system shall provide multi language support.999% availability through their network facilities onto the internet.PerformanceThe system shall be web-based and has to be run from a web server.The system shall take initial load time depending on internet connection strength which also depends on the media from which the system is run.The performance shall depend upon hard ware components of the client/customer.SecurityData inputNo respondent should be able to fill a questionnaire more than once.The system shall allow anonymous respondents to provide fill questionnaires.Data TransferThe system shall use secure sockets in all transactions that include any confidential user information.The system shall automatically log out all users after a period of inactivity.The system shall confirm all transactions with the customer’s web browser.The system shall not leave any cookies on the customer’s computer containing the user’s password.The system shall not leave any cookies on the customer’s computer containing any of the user’s confidential information.Data StorageThe customer’s web browser shall never display a customer’s password.   It shall always be echoed with special characters representing typed characters.The system’s back-end servers shall never display a user’s password.   The user’s password may be reset but never shown.The sys tem’s back-end servers shall only be accessible to authenticated administrators.The system’s back-end databases shall be encrypted to avoid hacking and data alteration.On-line User Documentation and Help System RequirementsOn-line help system is a critical component of the system.It shall provide specific guidelines to a user for using the Questionnaire data gather system.To implement online user help, link and search fields shall be provided.A general knowledge of computer skill is required to use the system.Hardware InterfacesSince the application must run over the internet, all the hardware shall require to connect internet will be hardware interface for the system. As for e.g. Modem, WAN â€" LAN, Ethernet Cross-Cable.Communications InterfacesThe system shall use the HTTP protocol for communication over the internet and for the intranet communication will be through TCP/IP protocol suite.

Police Department Roles and Functions - 943 Words

Police Department Roles and Functions CJA/214 September 20, 2012 Scott Mann Roles and Functions The Police Department must serve many roles and purposes so they also must take care of any issues that arise, dealing with the law or public safety. For this reason they have different specialized concentrations of officers designed to carry out certain functions. This also varies according to jurisdiction where there are state, local and even federal jurisdictions. This also affects what are their basic roles while doing patrol work or carrying out the specialized detail for whatever function they need enforced. In the United States the mission of law enforcement is to maintain the public safety, by reducing the occurrence of crimes†¦show more content†¦Criminal investigation is also performed as a function of a patrolling officer if they are the first responder to a scene of a crime, they need to secure the scene, gather evidence and provide emergency assistance, but only a small amount of time is actually spent doing this. Understanding or predicting crime and partnering with community organizations solve and avoid social problems. Patrol officers also need support services such as their dispatch, training and human resources; these help maintain an internal organization that is efficient and effective for officers. (Schmallenger, 2011) Conclusion The Police Department serve many roles and purposes in the community as previously discussed and in doing so they efficiently take care of issues that arise in the public concerning their safety. The specialized concentrations of officers and their functions for crime prevention and patrol deter criminal activity. Jurisdiction does not bound any criminal so there are many different law enforcement agencies to help with these issues and conduct investigations to enforce laws based on these special needs. The United States mission of law enforcement is to maintain its public safety and with so many agencies, trained officers and ever evolving goals; they do reduce the crime occurrenceShow MoreRelatedPolice Department Roles and Functions1039 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: POLICE DEPARTMENT ROLES AND FUNCTIONS Police Department Roles and Functions xxxxxx Axia College of University of Phoenix CJA/214 xxxxx Police Department Roles and Functions Law enforcement agencies range from local counties all the way up to state and federal levels. Communities are dependent of these agencies to conduct and perform many different roles and functions. 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Finding Good Ww2 Essay Topics

Finding Good Ww2 Essay Topics In case the latter is true, the topic should be chosen dependent on its depth and controversial nature. Finding the most suitable arguments will allow you to prove your point and win. From time to time, it is an excellent notion to resort to special essay topic generators which are available online. When you are requested to choose a great topic for your argument, start with something you're acquainted with. Moreover, there you may also find efficient advice and a few tips on the best way to write the job. Choosing topic is a rather important decision you must make regarding anything involving research. Deciding upon an emotional topic is also a superb idea. You must be attentive whilst deciding upon the topic that is most suitable for your line of inquiry. Up in Arms About Good Ww2 Essay Topics? Planning is critical in any sort of home task, from building a powerpoint presentation to supplying American Government homework help to your friend. Writing a great task isn't difficult if you follow the correct measures. Making a list of the benefits and disadvantages is the ideal beginning to writing an advantages and disadvantages essay about inflation. Documentary film business program. This psychological element to art can be readily overlooked. It is possible to also order a fully written compare and contrast essay and alleviate the quantity of work you need to do. I'm a banan a tree essay. This paragraph is quite important because it leaves the reader having the most immediate impression. It is possible to never finish a fantastic academic assignment in case you don't enjoy the subject you're writing about. Bear in mind your prof may, naturally, have various ideas regarding what sort of assignment you ought to be writing. It's possible for you to restate your thesis statement and point out a number of the arguments used over the whole essay that backs it up. This time you've got to compose a World War II essay. The third source of world war II was the growth of Fascism. The last cause of world war II was an immediate result from all the prior causes, and that's the rearmament of all of the European powers. Irrespective of which war you're likely to write about, whether it's the Civil War, WWI, WW2, Vietnam or Iraq War, you need to first decide on your topic and opt for a process of approach to utilize in writing the war essay. Having selected a very good topi c to argue about, at this point you need to make an argumentative essay outline. You can begin with the kind of topic you pick for your compare and contrast essay. This informative article puts more focus on subjects and topic for these kinds of essays since without a great subject, you could wind up getting stuck and need to start over and over again. The majority of this guide is devoted to listing history topics that are excellent for essays, but first, it's important to get a very simple process for using a list of potential essay topics such as this. The criteria that determine a great topic aren't numerous. When prior brainstorming is finished, you might begin drafting your essay. I've included an extensive collection of topic ideas with suggestions on the way you might develop this issue into a certain sort of paper, like an argument, compare and contrast, or pros and cons essay. Lucky for you, there are several topics you could concentrate on when writing and it's all your responsibility to figure out the precise topic that you would like to build on. With this kind of a wide subject, students find it difficult to narrow down their research to a specific topic. The very first and among the most important step to begin your essay is to select a topic. It's time to have a peek at the 100 interesting persuasive essay topics shared by the very best writers from various sections of the world! This is the reason you will need to take a little time and take a look at other written essays in exactly the same category as the one which you are writing for the very best ways to begin, develop your argument and finally conclude.

Rationality of the research Free Essays

Tourism is one of the largest industries in UK, apart from generating employment both directly and indirectly to large number of people; it is also a source of foreign exchanges for UK government. The net worth of  Ã‚   tourism is approximately  £63.83 billion and it employs more than 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Rationality of the research or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5 million people about 7 percent of all employment in restaurants, travel agencies museums, and pubs. Apart from being one the largest, tourism has also become number one online segment. The number of travelers who use the   internet for travel-related purposes have continued to increase daily. Latest data from Internet World Stats reveal that world’s internet users have reached approximately 1.17 billions with UK ranks 7th in the world with approximately 37.6 millions internet users.2 Therefore, with the increase in the numbers of travelers that book online, tourism has continued to experience booming in sales. People now book rooms, buy tickets and make hotel reservation online. Recent announcement from British Hospitality Association revealed that the UK Economy benefited from tourism in 2004 to the tune of  £81.5 billion. Thus web presence has now become an essential factor in the growth of tourism industry, therefore the use of website to search for necessary information has been on the increased tremendously. Nevertheless, the design of website is a key issue for the tourisms organization and it has become an indispensable tool in making revenue for many organizations. The information gathered from 2005 Market Report revealed the number of people engaging in electronic commerce in UK is increasing yearly.4 How to cite Rationality of the research, Essays

Qingming Festival free essay sample

Qingming festival originated from Hanshi Day (literally, Day with cold food only), a memorial day for Jie Zitui who was a faithful man during the Warring States Period. Qingming has a tradition stretching back more than 2,500 years. Its origin is credited to the Tang Emperor Xuanzong in 732. In Tang Dynasty, wealthy citizens preferred using high price to hold expensive ceremonies in honour to their ancestors. This emperor urged people to honour the ancestors on this day to avoid extravagant and waste. Since that time, Qingming Festival became a public day. In the past, because of the familism, people would be a bit mournful on this day. Generally, young and old would pray before the ancestors, sweep the tombs and offer food, tea, wine, chopsticks, joss paper accessories and libation to the ancestors. Some people, especially farmers, would carry willow branches with them on Qingming, or put willow branches on their gates or front door. We will write a custom essay sample on Qingming Festival or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They believed that willow branches help ward off the evil spirit that wanders on Qingming. This day was also a start of the spring plowing. Today, Qingming Festival has changed a lot. The sad atmosphere decrease and there are more laugh and fun. After sweeping the tombs, little kids will fly kite on the grass and adults like gather together to have a nice talk. This day is also a family day. People will have a feast with the whole family on this day and even find out some strange faces. In some places, like coastal cities, the memorial way changes a lot as well. No more burning joss paper, no more a load of food, people just carry a bunch of flower to express their honour to the departed because they pay more attention to give thanks during his festival. From ancient times to nowadays, Qingming Festival witnessed history of the Chinese. It is reminding people the duty of themselves, instructing the way of they live and even affecting the morality of the society. Not only the native Chinese but also the overseas Chinese communities are maintaining their origins by celebrating this day. No matter how people change their attitude, from one generation to another, this traditional festival always alarms us: remember the filial piety and learn to be grateful to the world.

Counseling Psychology Essays

Counseling Psychology Essays Counseling Psychology Paper Counseling Psychology Paper Richard is a 44 year old man who has been refereed to our agency for counseling by his doctor. Richard’s doctor believes he has a major drinking problem. Counseling sessions with Richard will be conducted in separate categories of psychodynamic and cognitive behavioural paradigms. The case study will help Richard and his counselors develop specific prevention, intervention, and treatment resources. Psychodynamic Paradigm Psychodynamics is defined as, â€Å"the mental and emotional process underlying human behavior and its motivation, esp. as developed unconsciously in response to environmental influences† (Webster’s 1982, p. 1147). In other words, psychodynamics is predominately concerned with unconscious conflict, until Erik Erikson came along. Erikson, a Neo-Freudian, came up with his own theory of development in psychodynamics called â€Å"psychosocial† (Funder 1997, p. 270). Erikson’s theory of psychosocial stages expands on Freud’s psychosexual stages as the basis of unconscious conflicts. Moreover, Erikson believes that â€Å"the ego does not just mediate between id impulses and superego demands. It is also a positive force in development. At each stage, it acquires attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society† (Berk 2001, 17). Thus, Ericson postulates the not all differences occur in the unconscious area of the mind- many conflicts are conscious. Richard has many identifiable unconscious and conscious conflicts going on in his mind. When a doctor announces that you have a drinking problem, the accused usually does not agree with the diagnosis. But when a professional mental health worker illustrates a number of specific factors that identify alcohol as a disease, the drinker begins to believe their problem is real. If you want to convince an alcoholic that they have a problem, you must get passed their denial. In addition, if the worker wants to treat the alcoholic, a problem has to be acknowledged by the drinker. My first step is to conduct an open-ended interview with Richard’s father. The premise for this interview is to gather as much information on Richard as possible to gauge the truthfulness of his story and to see if there is any family history of drinking problems. Richard’s father agrees that he may be to blame for the abandonment of Richard at the age of ten, but accepts no responsibility for Richard’s drinking problem or interpersonal relationship failures. Next, I got Richard’s previous medical records sent to me so I could go over his past case history. I ordered medical tests and an MRI to see if Richards liver, kidneys, or brain function has been damaged by the drinking. Finally, I sat down with Richard for his interview. During the interview I notice Richard is trying to project his problems on others instead of taking responsibility for his actions. Richard denies he has a drinking problem and blames his inconsistent behavior on depression. I allowed Richard to â€Å"free associate† the rest of his story to me. The prodromal stages leading up to the numerous disruptions in Richard’s personal and business life lead to the conclusion that Richard is in a mild for form of delusion as well. According to statistics in the United States on alcoholism and drinking: â€Å"14% of men are heavy drinkers† and â€Å"about one-third of these are alcoholics† (Berk 2001, p. 433). Berk goes on to point out that, â€Å"Alcohol acts as a depressant, impairing the ability of the brain to control thought and action. In heavy drinkers, it relieves guilt and anxiety. † John Higgins supports Berk’s analogy in his journal publication Psychodynamics in the excessive drinking of alcohol. Higgin’s concurs that â€Å"excessive drinking functions as a defense mechanism against anxiety† (p. 713). In other words, denial, Richard’s defense mechanism in his case, is leading to his delusion that depression is the cause of his problems with anxiety when in reality it is his alcoholism. Erikson uses his psychosocial stages of psychodynamics to explain Richard’s inconsistent behavior throughout his life. At the age of 9-11 years old Richard will go through Erikson’s theory of industry versus inferiority (Berk 2001, p. 320). The origins of Richard’s problems started in late childhood when his mother died and his father sent him away to boarding school. According to Sandra Hutchison she, â€Å"applies Erikson’s psychosocial stages of ego development to the understanding of children’s reactions to traumatic incidents† (2005, p. 174). The risk at this age is to gravitate towards an inferior and pessimistic outlook towards responsibility and moral obligations. It does appear that Richard did get affected by the traumatic events of his mother dying and his father abandoning him to acquire separation anxiety that led him to become an adult alcoholic. Richard’s problems carried through to middle adulthood. Alcoholism tends to run in families, is biological and psychological, and influenced by social factors and relationships (Oltmanns, Emerey, Taylor 2002, p. 382-383). Erikson labeled this stage of his theory generativity versus stagnation. In this stage of Erikson’s theory the middle aged adult decides to mix inner desires with cultural demands to prepare for the next generation. In Richard’s situation, there seems to be little self interest in external community welfare. For the time being Richard is completely focused on his self interests and over indulgence in alcoholism. According to Charles Slater there are seven psychosocial conflicts that give breadth to the central crisis in This stage of Erikson’s theory that include: 1. Inclusivity vs exclusivity. 2. Pride vs embarrassment. 3. Responsibility vs ambivalence. 4. Career productivity vs inadequacy. 5. Parenthood vs self-absorption. 6. Being needed vs alienation. 7. Honesty vs denial (2003, p. 53). As you can see from the description of Richard’s case story, he is in the negative field of all these identified categories of Slater. In other words, Richard is in Erikson’s stagnant part of the stage. Connecting Erikson’s late childhood theory to his middle adulthood theory sheds some light on the situation Richard faces. Richard will need an extensive and intense treatment plan to overcome his deep rooted alcoholic problems. How will Richard’s treatment structure proceed? First, Richard will be required to attend a 30 day alcohol treatment center. Second, Richard will require continued counseling sessions upon completion of his 30 treatment stay. A pilot study done by Daniel Coleman, that integrates psychodynamic theory with cognitive behavioural theory, will be used in conjunction with contemporary psychodynamic therapy to monitor Richard on a weekly basis (2005, p. 206). Third, with the recent empirical hypothesis confirmation of â€Å"unconscious mental processes and phenomenon such as repression and transference† (Funder 1997, p. 280), Richard would benefit from psychoanalytic therapy based on theories of childhood attachment to adult patterns of inter-relations of dysfunctional romances. My prognosis for Richard is deferred for the moment; however, his situation does look good if he is open to the treatment suggestions and lifestyle changes recommended in this case study. It will be a long road of recovery for Richard. Cognitive Behavioral Perspective Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm is defined as, â€Å"behavioral processes that underlie learning† (Oltmanns, Emery and Taylor 2002, p. 39). Oltmanns et el goes on to list the influences of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) as originating on the introspection of William Wundt and influenced by Ivan Pavlov (classical conditioning), B. F. Skinner (operant conditioning), and John B. Watson ( behaviorism). However, social learning theories such as J. B. Rotter and Albert Bandura’s, brought CBT into the current research era. Today’s psychologists and counselors may define the complex paradigm cognitive psychology as, â€Å"patterns of individual differences in behavior and the psychological processes behind them,† (Funder 1997, p. 409), as an accurate description of current CBT. Since its early influence the importance of cognitive processes in learning has been identified and â€Å"behavioral† has been modified to â€Å"cognitive. † Today CBT is â€Å"the scientific study of mental process† that â€Å"account for human behavior† (Hunt, Ellis 1999, p. 32). Richard has many obvious problems that can be categorized as â€Å"learned† and â€Å"cognitive. † When Richard was abandoned by his father after his mother’s death, he learned how to cognitively detach his feelings from loved ones. CBT would suggest that people like Richard who suffer mood swings are affecting their encoding, retrieval, and schema network of memory and facilitating a cognitive break from their emotional state. In other words, Richard is his own worst enemy. The mental processing of Richard’s mind also affects his perception. Thus, his cognitive melt down of three failed marriages, abusive nature, and excessive job firings and demotions, are all comorbid with Richard’s main disorder of alcoholism. Three areas of the memory and one area of information processing have been identified in cognitive psychology: Short term, working, and long term memory along with the sensory/perception (where veridical information is processed) buffer. Some of the possible etiological causes are rather complex in Richard’s past memories. The tragic incident of his mother’s death encountered as a developing young child is obviously the start of Richard’s deep rooted processing problems. First, I believe that the core cognitive problem for Richard is PTSD from the mother’s death. Second, the complex nature behind PTSD makes the disorder cyclical. Is it the traumatic event which caused Richard to become a cognitive processing mess and an alcoholic; or, is it Richard’s premorbid personality characteristics that caused the alcoholism? Third, in my opinion because Richard shows no previous history of psychological problems before his mother’s death, and due to the fact that all his problems seem to generate from that one incident, I see his alcoholic disorder, and the cognitive processing failures of his memory influence on current decisions, being a direct relation to his tragic memory of his mother’s death, and future abandonment by his father, to be the motive and underlying reasons to the pathology behind his alcoholism. Richard’s mental processing of events seems to be mixed with faulty memory dispensation, PTSD, and poor judgment. Treatment will need to function from a new set of developed strategies for Richard in CBT. The recommended treatment plan for Richard will begin with short term motivational therapy (STMT). Because Richard was ten years old when the tragic event occurred, and no Critical Incident Stress Debriefing took place at the time, Richard will need STMT to recognize the severity of his problem(s). Next, Richard will undergo a new PTSD screening test developed by Rachael Kimerling et el called the Validation of a brief screen for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder with substance use disorder patients (2006, p. 2074). Following the STMT Richard will require intense coping skills training and relapse prevention techniques therapy. Richard should also be put in Aversion Therapy (Oltmanns, Emery, Taylor 2002, p. 85), so his alcoholism can be associated with the unpleasant consequences of his behavior where his sight, smell, and taste of alcohol are paired with the nausea. Furthermore, I would like to see Richard join an alcoholic’s anonymous group. I believe that once the PTSD is dealt with, as Sudie Back et el confirmed in their study Symptom Improvement in Co-Occurring PTSD and Alcohol Dependence, that the alcoholism will be reduced to an after affect of the larger problem. Moreover, Back et el backs up my diagnosis by stating, â€Å"PTSD had a greater impact on improvement in alcohol dependence symptoms than the reciprocal relationship† (2006, p. 690). If the alcoholism remains as the excuse for Richard’s destructive behavior after the PTSD has been immobilized, I will recommend future treatments. Richard went a long time without help; however, the good news is that the treatment for PTSD clients has a high outcome of success (Oltmanns, Emery, Taylor 2002, p. 245) once a resolution and strategic treatment plan for the symptoms is put into motion. I expect Richard to make a noticeable recovery in his cognitive processing activities a year from now. At that point I will reassess Richard’s treatment. Analytical Comparison On the one hand, psychodynamics does not originate from empirical evidence; cognitive theories do. Psychodynamics postulates that sexuality is the basis for unconscious conflicts; cognitive psychology disagrees. Psychodynamics relies on human interpretation of dream analysis and other psychoanalytic treatments; cognitive psychology is backed with experimental qualitative and quantitative data. On the other hand, psychodynamics raises some questions that border on genius; while cognitive therapy (the most popular in psychology today) is deluged with redundant questions and experiments bordering over-kill. Psychodynamics is beginning to empirically test and answer some of the questions it raises; cognitive theory seems to be raising more questions than it can answer. In the end, each theory has its positive and negative points; the disorder, and the person, will have to decide which therapy to choose. References Back, S et el 2006, ‘Symptom Improvement in Co-Occurring PTSD and Alcohol Dependence’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease’, Vol 194 (9), pp. 690-696. Berk, L 2001, Development Through the Lifespan, 2nd edn, Allyn Bacon, Boston. Coleman, D 2005, ‘Psychodynamic and cognitive mechanisms of change in adult therapy: A pilot study’, Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, Vol 69 (3), pp. 209-219.

Cell Biology Glossary

Cell Biology Glossary Many biology students often wonder about the meanings of certain biology terms and words. What is a nucleus? What are sister chromatids? What is the cytoskeleton and what does it do? The Cell Biology Glossary is a good resource for finding succinct, practical, and meaningful biology definitions for various cell biology terms. Below is a list of common cell biology terms. Cell Biology Glossary Anaphase - a stage in mitosis where chromosomes begin moving to opposite ends (poles) of the cell. Animal Cells - eukaryotic cells that contain various membrane-bound organelles. Allele - an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. Apoptosis - a controlled sequence of steps in which cells signal self-termination. Asters - radial microtubule arrays found in animal cells that help to manipulate chromosomes during cell division. Biology - the study of living organisms. Cell - the fundamental unit of life. Cellular Respiration - a process by which cells harvest the energy stored in food. Cell Biology - the subdiscipline of biology that focuses on the study of the basic unit of life, the cell. Cell Cycle - the life cycle of a dividing cell, including Interphase and the M phase or Mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). Cell Membrane - a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. Cell Theory - one of the five basic principles of biology, stating that the cell is the basic unit of life. Centrioles - cylindrical structures that are composed of groupings of microtubules arranged in a 9 3 pattern. Centromere - a region on a chromosome that joins two sister chromatids. Chromatid - one of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome. Chromatin - the mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division. Chromosome - a long, stringy aggregate of genes that carries heredity information (DNA) and is formed from condensed chromatin. Cilia and Flagella - protrusions from some cells that aid in cellular locomotion. Cytokinesis - the division of the cytoplasm that produces distinct daughter cells. Cytoplasm - all of the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell. Cytoskeleton - a network of fibers throughout the cells cytoplasm that helps the cell maintain its shape and gives support to the cell. Cytosol - semi-fluid component of a cells cytoplasm. Daughter Cell - a cell resulting from the replication and division of a single parent cell. Daughter Chromosome - a chromosome that results from the separation of sister chromatids during cell division. Diploid Cell - a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes- one set of chromosomes is donated from each parent. Endoplasmic Reticulum - a network of tubules and flattened sacs that serve a variety of functions in the cell. Gametes - reproductive cells that unite during sexual reproduction to form a new cell called a zygote. Gene Theory - one of the five basic principles of biology, stating that traits are inherited through gene transmission. Genes - segments of DNA located on chromosomes that exist in alternative forms called alleles. Golgi Complex - the cell organelle that is responsible for manufacturing, warehousing, and shipping certain cellular products. Haploid Cell - a cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes. Interphase - the stage in the cell cycle where a cell doubles in size and synthesizes DNA in preparation for cell division. Lysosomes - the membranous sacs of enzymes that can digest cellular macromolecules. Meiosis - a two-part cell division process in organisms that sexually reproduce, resulting in gametes with one-half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. Metaphase - the stage in cell division where chromosomes align along the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. Microtubules - fibrous, hollow rods that function primarily to help support and shape the cell. Mitochondria - cell organelles that convert energy into forms that are usable by the cell. Mitosis - a phase of the cell cycle that involves the separation of nuclear chromosomes followed by cytokinesis. Nucleus - a membrane-bound structure that contains the cells hereditary information and controls the cells growth and reproduction. Organelles - tiny cellular structures, that carry out specific functions necessary for normal cellular operation. Peroxisomes - cell structures that contain enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide as a by-product. Plant Cells - eukaryotic cells that contain various membrane-bound organelles. They are distinct from animal cells, containing various structures not found in animal cells. Polar Fibers - spindle fibers that extend from the two poles of a dividing cell. Prokaryotes - single-celled organisms that are the earliest and most primitive forms of life on earth. Prophase - the stage in cell division where chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes. Ribosomes - cell organelles that are responsible for assembling proteins. Sister Chromatids - two identical copies of a single chromosome that are connected by a centromere. Spindle Fibers - aggregates of microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division. Telophase - the stage in cell division when the nucleus of one cell is divided equally into two nuclei.

Journal Entry, topic novel 'The Feast of Love-by Charles Baxter' Essay

Journal Entry, topic novel 'The Feast of Love-by Charles Baxter' - Essay Example Some couples feel love is best expressed by living a traditional lifestyle. Society’s concept of love begins with a perfect family consisting of two parents, children, a white picket fence and a dog. Mothers and Fathers stay together, raising their children. Some couples lives this way happily. The Feast of Love depicts a couple who took this approach. The Ginsbergs raised three children, bought a house and were content to spend their golden years with each other. Both of the Ginsbergs are also Jewish. Even thought they aren’t practicing Jews, their heritage plays a big role in making them fit together. This idea of love fit them. When couples cannot agree on love, divorce becomes the answer. Bradley, the Ginsbergs’ neighbor, was not married once, but twice. Bradley married his first wife with the belief that love was between a man and a woman. He never dreamed that Kathryn would leave him for another woman. Kathryn thought if she married Bradley, he would love her the way she needed. When she realized that Bradley couldn’t love her enough, that no man could, Kathryn started noticing women. Kathryn found her love could exist with another woman. Some lovers believe commitment is not a necessary part of love. Bradley’s second wife, Diana, felt this way. She had a long running affair with a married man named David. When she met Bradley and started dating him, Diana felt no need to give David up. She even saw David after she had accepted Bradley’s proposal. Although Diana avoided David during the couple of months she was married, she never totally put him out of her mind. Though David was still married after her divorce, Diana went right back to him. Marriage was not sacred to her. Being with the person she loved was more important than a piece of paper. Marriage is not a part of love for some people. After Bradley’s two marriages failed, he didn’t really want to go down

Walt Disney World and Its Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Walt Disney World and Its Organizations - Essay Example Since its formation, the company has produced many movies that have topped the US as well as UK charts (The Walt Disney Company, ‘Company Overview’). The paper includes the company’s mission and vision along with the company’s different subsidiaries. Mission and Vision of The Walt Disney Company The Walt Disney Company is an America based multinational company. Originally, the mission of The Walt Disney Company was to ‘nurture the imaginations of children around the world as well as to celebrate American values’ (Reocities, ‘The Walt Disney Company-a Case Study’). The mission itself states the company’s operations. Most of the company’s operations are children oriented. As it has been stated in their mission, the children are the main center of the organizational operations and even the various subsidiary activities organized by the company are entertainment as well as children oriented (The Walt Disney Company, ‘Company Overview’). However, the mission of the company has changed stating to be â€Å"one of the world’s leading producers and providers of entertainment and information. Using our portfolio of brands to differentiate our content, services and consumer products, we seek to develop the most creative, innovative and profitable entertainment experiences and related products in the world† (Duran & Et. Al., â€Å"The Walt Disney†).... The Walt Disney Studios The Walt Disney Studios can be considered as the foundation of Disney. This legendary company started its journey from this milestone. The Walt Disney Studios is renowned for its ‘animated features and live motion pictures’ (The Walt Disney Company, ‘Company Overview’). The characters it created include Mickey Mouse and friends, which are the animation legends. The company is considered to be the world’s very first full length animation creator with its created character Mickey Mouse and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (The Walt Disney Company, ‘Company Overview’). Distribution of motion pictures is done by The Walt Disney Studios under its allied organization, Walt Disney Pictures. Walt Disney Pictures includes its other allied companies such as DisneyToon Studios, Walt Disney Animation Studios, Touchstone Pictures, Hollywood Pictures and Pixar Animation Studios. The company had acquired the company, Pixar, in May of the year 2006. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures International is another segment of the company which operates in international distribution of the motion pictures. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment is the segment of the company which deals in distribution of the motion pictures of Disney as well as other movies through the means of rental and sells by home entertainment markets such as DVDs (The Walt Disney Company, ‘Company Overview’). The presence of The Walt Disney Company also can be marked in the theaters. The company owns Disney Theatrical Productions House which is also considered to be among the leading producers of the famous Broadway musicals. This also consists of

Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) Instrumentation

Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) Instrumentation THERMOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS (TMA) Aisyah Radhiah Binti Ahmad INSTRUMENTATION OF TMA 1.1 The Instrumentation Figure 1: The simple schematic diagram of TMA [1]. The sample tube that is located in the center of the furnace is used to control the temperature and atmosphere. The sample temperature is measured with a thermocouple that is located near the sample. The area around the sample can usually be both heated and cooled to prevent the heat-rise problem and the sample temperature (sensed by a thermocouple) has to be directed to programmer control. The sample platform and the probe are made from a material such as quartz. Quartz is chosen as it has a low, reproducible, accurately known coefficient of thermal expansion and also it has low thermal conductivity to isolate the LVDT from the temperature changes in the furnace. The probes can also be made from alumina and metals depending on the temperature range and the measurement purpose [2]. The heavy black probe measures the position of the sample surface with a linearly variable differential transformer, LVDT. The floating suspension act as a balance for the arm arrangement, combined with added weights at the top, allowing the probe weight to be counterbalanced that can be used to control the force on the sample [3]. A purge gas is used during the TMA measurements. Its purpose is to ensure continuous laminar gas flow to prevent the formation of air turbulence as the temperature is being increased and to prevent deposition of degradation products inside the various parts of the instrument. The purge gas is also used to increase heat transfer to the sample and to prevent oxidation in high temperature measurements. Helium is chosen for this purpose because of it has a high thermal conductivity [4]. Figure 2: The TMA Instrument [5]. 1.2 Operating the TMA The instrument is warmed up before putting the sample. The sample is prepared by according to the modes used. For example, the sample should be flat for compression modes to make sure the sample is in a good contact with the probe. The sample is put into the furnace and the probe touched the sample. The probe is integrated into an inductive position sensor. For temperature measurement of the sample, the thermocouple is placed near the sample. The system is heated at a slow rate. If the specimen expands or contracts, the probe will be moved. By applying the force on the sample from the Force Generator by the probe, the sample temperature is changed in the furnace. The sample deformation such as Thermal Expansion and Softening with changing temperature is measured as the probe displacement by the Length Detector. Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) is used for Length Detection sensor. The measurement consists then of a record of force and length versus temperature [6]. 1.3 Calibration of the instrument The calibration of the instrument needs to be done before using the TMA. A standard calibration is needed and should be done at the same heating rate as is used in the sample experiment. The calibration sample that is used should be in the thickness range span of the sample. The TMA instrument must be calibrated in height force, eigen-deformation, temperature, and expansion. The calibration of the instrument need to be done to reduce the different between measures values of the parameters with their true values [4]. 1.4 Modes of operation The measurement can be carried out in various modes of sample configuration. Figure 3: TMA probe types (left-right): compression, penetration, tension, volumetric [7]. Compression probe is used for applying low load for a wide area of sample for thermal expansion measurements (thermodilatometry). For the penetration probe, it is used for the sample that applies a high load under a small area of sample for the purpose of measuring softening temperatures. This technique can measure the transitions of a material as thin as 10 microns. Tension probe used for the measurement of the thermal expansion and the thermal shrinkage of the sample for measuring non-self supporting specimens. It is used for the samples like thin films and fibres under tension [7]. Volumetric probe used for measuring the thermal volumetric expansion of irregularly shaped sample surrounded by an inert packing material (alumina powder or silicone oil). The glass dilatometers are used in this technique where the change in the level of a liquid is observed. By dipping the sample in the silicone oil or alumina powder, the expansion of the sample is recorded as a vertical movement by the TMA. The probe for this technique usually has a small surface area to cover the sample [8]. Figure 4: volumetric probe [8]. References Menard, K. P. (2008). Dynamic mechanical analysis: a practical introduction. CRC press. Menczel, J. D., Prime, R. B. (2009). Thermal analysis of polymers, fundamentals and applications. John Wiley Sons. Brown, M. E., Gallagher, P. K. (1998). Handbook of thermal analysis and calorimetry: Principles and Practice (Vol. 1). Elsevier. Wunderlich, B. (2005). Basics of thermal analysis. Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials. 1.Introduction to Thermomechanical Analysis. Available from: http://www.anasys.co.uk/library/tma1.htm. 2.Brown, M.E. and P.K. Gallagher, Handbook of thermal analysis and calorimetry: Principles and Practice. Vol. 1. 1998: Elsevier. 3.Wunderlich, B., Basics of thermal analysis. Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials, 2005. 4.Menczel, J.D. and R.B. Prime, Thermal analysis of polymers, fundamentals and applications. 2009: John Wiley Sons. 5.TMA analyzer / thermomechanical. Available from: http://www.directindustry.com/prod/linseis-thermal-analysis/tma-analyzers-thermomechanical-30771-406852.html. 6.Description of TMA. Available from: http://www.hitachi-hitec-science.com/en/products/thermal/tec_descriptions/tma.html. 7.Haines, P.J., Principles of thermal analysis and calorimetry. Vol. 30. 2002: Royal society of chemistry. 8.Menard, K.P., Dynamic mechanical analysis: a practical introduction. 2008: CRC press. References Introduction to Thermomechanical Analysis. from http://www.anasys.co.uk/library/tma1.htm Brown, Michael E, Gallagher, Patrick K. (1998). Handbook of thermal analysis and calorimetry: Principles and Practice (Vol. 1): Elsevier. Wunderlich, Bernhard. (2005). Basics of thermal analysis. Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials. Menczel, Joseph D, Prime, R Bruce. (2009). Thermal analysis of polymers, fundamentals and applications: John Wiley Sons. TMA analyzer / thermomechanical. from http://www.directindustry.com/prod/linseis-thermal-analysis/tma-analyzers-thermomechanical-30771-406852.html Description of TMA. from http://www.hitachi-hitec-science.com/en/products/thermal/tec_descriptions/tma.html Haines, Peter J. (2002). Principles of thermal analysis and calorimetry (Vol. 30): Royal society of chemistry. Menard, Kevin P. (2008). Dynamic mechanical analysis: a practical introduction: CRC press.

Liberalism and Mercantilism Essay

International political economy is an important subdiscipline of international relation. It has three main ideologies, Liberalism, Mercantilism and Marxism. In this essay there will be three parts, first part is to demonstrate what the Liberalism and Mercantilism are on the perspective of international political economy and then the second part is to compare and contrast these two ideologies of political economy. At last, give a conclusion to the Liberalism and Mercantilism. Liberalism The liberal perspective on political economy is embodied in the discipline of the Western economics (Gilpin, 1987). It emphasizes the individual interests, the freedom and the maximization of economic benefit. Economic liberalism is based on the theory of â€Å"invisible hand† of Adam Smith and founded by David Ricardo in the seventeenth century. In the 1940s, Friedrich August von Hayek made a renaissance and a new explanation to it. Moreover, Milton Friedman made great contribution to the economic Liberalism in the 1970s. The basic standpoints of economic Liberalism are that people should be treated as the â€Å"rational economic animal† and market emerges spontaneously to satisfy human need. When the market running it develops according to its internal logical rule, rather than people’s will. Even through economic activity can enhance national power, the core of it is to bring beneficial to each consumer. Due to each person are both consumer and producer, so ev ery action of each person should be a rational choice in the market. Because resources are scarce, every decision involves an opportunity cost, a tradeoff among alternative uses of available resource (Samuelson, 1980, p.27). Get something at the cost of giving up something else. Hence everyone’s rational choices contribute to a balance among various powers in the market. The balance of these various powers makes the market have its intrinsic stability. That means the market is not only an automatic operation system, but also an autocorrection equilibrium system. Any intervention, especially from the government, is helpless to market development and destroys the intrinsic stability of market. Therefore, economic Liberalism opposes any form of government intervention strongly. Economic liberals claim that politics makes people separation while economy  makes people solidarity. A liberal international economy will have a moderation influence on international politics as it creates bonds of mutual interests and a commitment to the status quo. (Gilpin, 1987) Mercantilism According to Viner (1994), Mercantilism is a theory that state uses its economic interests widespreadly to regulate its economic activities. It emphasizes economic activities should serve for the interests of state and goal of state building (Gilpin, 1975). There are three theoretical points of Mercantilism (Magnusson, 1993). Firstly, Mercantilism pays attention to the currency and development of commerce. It regards the amount of currency (mainly gold and silver) as an important symbol to measure the degree of state’s affluence. Secondly, Mercantilism pays attention to foreign trade and seeks for trade surplus. It has no faith in market mechanism for state building. Thirdly, Mercantilism pays attention to the development of domestic industry, at the same time cultivates and protects the infant industry. According to Sen (1984), Mercantilism believes that industry has spillover effects and it associates the possession of industry with economic self-sufficiency and political autonomy. The most important, industry is prized because it is basic of military power and central to national security in the modern world. Actually, Mercantilism can be divided into two parts, â€Å"benign† Mercantilism and â€Å"malevolent† Mercantilism. The â€Å"benign† Mercantilism considers the safeguarding of national economic interests as the minimum essential to the security and survival of the state. It hopes to develop and protect domestic industry with the state power (like tariff, exchange rate, etc) and to prevent foreign product competition, for example, monetary policy. While â€Å"malevolent† Mercantilism advocates to build a powerful state and to ensure foreign trade unblocked with using of state power and regards the international economy as an arena for imperialist expansion (Hirschman, 1969). Even through there are differences between these two Mercantilisms, the goal of Mercantilism that makes state rich and powerful is clear and unified. (Magnusson, 1987) Compare and contrast of Liberalism and Mercantilism. The debate between Liberalism and Mercantilism has a long history. There are  three main differences between these two ideologies of political economy according to Goddard (2003). Firstly, Liberalism focuses on the market mechanism and believes that the economic role of government is limited. However, Mercantilism pays attention to the role of state and considers politics decide the economic activity. Secondly, Mercantilism regards world economy as a zero-sum game which means one country’s loss is as the prerequisite to another country’s gain. Moreover, Mercantilism thinks conflict between different countries is inevitable. Each country can only rely on its own resources to protect itself eventually. However, Liberalism opposes the zero-sum game. It believes the only consequence of the zero-sum game is war. Liberalism stresses the mutual benefit and a win-win situation which lead to international cooperation and interedependency. That is, dividing an existing cake is inferior to make a bigger cake (By promoting economy growth). Finally, Mercantilism focuses on the importance of military power and regards political and economic power as a way to ensure the security of state. Liberalism thinks accumulation of military power and other powers reduces the economic efficiency. Peace is more effective than war. The following table coming from Frederic shows the specific difference between Liberalism and Mercantilism (1999). Conclusion Even through the most of viewpoints of Liberalism and Mercantilism are different, these two ideologies of political economy have the value of existence respectively and are worth to research. In addition, Liberalism and Mercantilism have their own advantage and disadvantage. When begin to research them, people should have a critique view to accept their viewpoints. In summary, Liberalism and Mercantilism are two important ideologies of political economy Reference 1. Frederic S. Pearson and Simon Payaslian. International Political Economy: Conflict and Cooperation in the Global System. The Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 1999, P.33 2. Gilpin, Robert. 1975 U.S Power and the Multionational Corporation: The Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment. New York: Basic Books 3. Gilpin, Robert 1987. The Political Economy of International Relations. Oxford: Princeton University Press. Chapters 2 P.33-P.79 4. Goddard, C. Roe; Cronin, Patrick and Dash, Kishore C. (eds.) (2003). International Political Economy: State-Market Relations in a Changing Global Order. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers (chapters 2-4, 6, 11-13). 5. Hirschman Albert.O 1969 â€Å"Effects of Industrialization on the Market of Industrial Countries† In bert F. Hoselitz, cd. The Progress of Underdeveloped Areas. Chicago: University of Chicago press. pp. 83-270. 6. Magnusson Lars. 1987. â€Å"Mercantilism and Reform-mercantilism: The Rise of Economic Discourse in Sweden During the Eighteenth Century† History of Political Economy 19: 3. 7. Magnusson Lars. 1993. Mercantilism. The Shaping of Economic Language. London: Routledge 8. Samuelson Paul A. 1980. Economics. With the Assistance in Statistical Updating of William Samuelson. New York: Mcgraw-Hill. 9. Sen, Gautam. 1984 The Military Origins of Industrialization and International Trade Rivalry. New York: St. Martin’s Press 10. Viner, Jacob. 1994. Power versus plenty as objectives of foreign policy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, World Politics, No.1 p.11

Farm Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2057 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Critical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Farm Management Assess the current capacity of ‘Holly Farm and critically evaluate the optional ways of achieving the intended growth in the number of visitors, bearing in mind that capital investment is not available, although self-financing revenue earning ventures can be considered. 1. Introduction This piece examines the case of Holly Farm, and the plan proposed by Gillian Giles to attempt to boost the number of visitors attending the farm. Holly Farm is currently quite a successful example of a farm that has diversified into visitor activities to boost its overall revenue levels. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Farm Management" essay for you Create order However, the farm has now reached a point at which visitor levels are relatively steady, and hence the farm is failing to grow its revenue significantly. This piece will thus investigate the current situation at the farm, including the current visitor numbers and the projected capacity for the farm. This data will then be used to determine the extent to which the farm can try to attract more visitors and the strategies that could be used to achieve this. This analysis will take place assuming that the farm is unable to raise further capital investment, other than through additional services that will also generate revenue. 2. Analysis and current situation Car park capacity Coach spaces 6 Car spaces 40 Average visitors per coach 35 Average visitors per car 3 Daily coach visitor capacity 210 Daily car visitor capacity 120 Total daily capacity 330 Current visitor numbers April May June July August September October Total Visitors 1,200 1800 2800 3200 3400 1800 600 14,800 Days open 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 112 Weekend days open 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 56 Week days open 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 56 Average weekend day visitors 100 150 233 267 283 150 50 176 Average weekday day visitors 50 75 117 133 142 75 25 88 Daily car park capacity 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 Weekend utilisation 30.3% 45.5% 70.7% 80.8% 85.9% 45.5% 15.2% 53.4% Weekday utilisation 15.2% 22.7% 35.4% 40.4% 42.9% 22.7% 7.6% 26.7% Daily milking parlour capacity 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 Weekend milking parlour visitors 80 120 187 213 227 120 40 141 Weekday milking parlour visitors 40 60 93 107 113 60 20 70 Weekend utilisation 40.0% 60.0% 93.3% 106.7% 113.3% 60.0% 20.0% 70.5% Weekday utilisation 20.0% 30.0% 46.7% 53.3% 56.7% 30.0% 10.0% 35.2% The analysis of the current situation is based on the following assumptions: On average, each coach visiting the farm will contain 35 visitors, and each car will contain 3 visitors. This is to account for the number of single parent families and families with only one child that may visit the farm. The proportion of visitors by coach and by car are roughly proportional to the respective visitor capacity for coach and car visitors The car and coach spaces cannot be used flexibly, i.e. coaches cannot park in the car spaces and vice versa The milking sheds can support 80 people per hour for a period of two and a half hours, thus they have a daily capacity of 200 The visitors are spread roughly evenly throughout each month 90% of visitors arrive after 12:30pm, and the visitors that arrived before 12:30pm at still there at this time. As such, around 1pm all visitors to the farm are at the farm and hence all need a car park space The analysis indicates that the farm is currently very close to its maximum visitor capacity in July and August, with 80.8% and 85.9% capacity utilisation in the car park on these days. With 80% of visitors going to the milking parlour, the parlour itself is already over capacity on these days, with capacity utilisation levels of 106.7% and 113.3% respectively. It must be assumed therefore that some visitors that would have liked to have visited the milking sheds were unable to do so due to the capacity constraints. 3. Different scenarios Two primary scenarios have been considered. The first is where the farm engages in widespread promotional activity designed to boost overall levels of attendance by 50%. The second is where the farm engages in targeted promotional activity designed to encourage school visits during the week, thus boosting weekday attendance levels by 50%. The analysis for these two scenarios is shown below: 3.1 Boost visitor demand by 50% on all days Projected visitor numbers April May June July August September October Total Visitors 1,800 2,700 4,200 4,800 5,100 2,700 900 22,200 Days open 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 112 Weekend days open 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 56 Week days open 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 56 Average weekend day visitors 150 225 350 400 425 225 75 264 Average weekday day visitors 75 113 175 200 213 113 38 132 Daily car park capacity 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 Weekend utilisation 45.5% 68.2% 106.1% 121.2% 128.8% 68.2% 22.7% 80.1% Weekday utilisation 22.7% 34.1% 53.0% 60.6% 64.4% 34.1% 11.4% 40.0% Actual average weekend day visitors 150 225 330 330 330 225 75 238 Actual average weekday day visitors 75 113 175 200 213 113 38 132 Total weekend day visitors 1200 1800 2640 2640 2640 1800 600 13320 Total weekday day visitors 600 900 1400 1600 1700 900 300 7400 Total visitors 1800 2700 4040 4240 4340 2700 900 20720 Daily milking parlour capacity 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 Weekend milking parlour visitors 120 180 264 264 264 180 60 190 Weekday milking parlour visitors 60 90 140 160 170 90 30 106 Weekend utilisation 60.0% 90.0% 132.0% 132.0% 132.0% 90.0% 30.0% 95.1% Weekday utilisation 30.0% 45.0% 70.0% 80.0% 85.0% 45.0% 15.0% 52.9% It should be noted that, for this scenario, as the capacity of the car park is limited to around 330 people per day, some visitors who wish to visit the farm on weekends in July and August will be unable to do so. The farm will thus have maximum average daily weekend visitor numbers during these months of 330. A plan should thus be put in place to manage capacity on these days, and ensure that visitors do not travel a long way only to find there is no space in the car park. 3.2 Boost visitor demand by 50% for weekdays only Projected visitor numbers April May June July August September October Total Average weekend day visitors 100 150 233 267 283 150 50 264 Average weekend day visitors 75 112.5 175 200 212.5 112.5 37.5 132 Weekend days open 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 56 Week days open 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 56 Total weekend day visitors 800 1200 1867 2133 2267 1200 400 9867 Total weekday day visitors 600 900 1400 1600 1700 900 300 7400 Total visitors 1400 2100 3267 3733 3967 2100 700 17267 Daily milking parlour capacity 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 Weekend milking parlour visitors 80 120 187 213 227 120 40 211 Weekday milking parlour visitors 60 90 140 160 170 90 30 106 Weekend utilisation 40.0% 60.0% 93.3% 106.7% 113.3% 60.0% 20.0% 105.7% Weekday utilisation 30.0% 45.0% 70.0% 80.0% 85.0% 45.0% 15.0% 52.9% In this scenario, the capacity of the car park does not represent a critical factor, as the farm will never attract more than 330 visitors per day on average. This will thus help relieve the problems associated with an across the board increase in visitor numbers. 4. Suggestions and validation The results from the first scenario show two main issues with Gillians desire to boost visitor numbers. The first is that boosting levels of demand will cause capacity issues in the car park in the busy months of June, July and August. This will create issues for the farm as it may result in visitors arriving and having to be turned away, which could create a negative image for the farm. In addition to this, boosting the number of visitors during these peak periods will result in the milking sheds becoming very congested with long queues, and potentially large numbers of people unable to visit the sheds. As the carousel appears to be a very important attraction, if people are unable to visit it they may again become unhappy and this could damage the reputation of the farm as well as causing problems for the employees running the attraction (Waters, 1999, p. 85). In terms of the actual impact on visitor numbers, the 50% increase in demand across the board would be expected to boo st visitor numbers by around 40%, from 14,800 to 20,720 per annum. In contrast, the 50% increase during weekdays would boost visitor numbers by around 17%, from 14,800 to 17,267 per annum. As such, the 50% increase across the board would be more beneficial in terms of total numbers, but would also likely cost more to implement, and would not provide a full 50% increase in visitor numbers. In order to achieve this 50% increase, the best option would be to implement both the general marketing scheme to increase overall numbers, and the targeted partnership scheme with schools to boost visitor numbers during the weekdays. This would help achieve the 50% target within the existing capacity constraints. At the same time, the farm will need to carry out targeted analysis of the current levels of car park usage, in order to determine whether it should target more coach groups or more family groups depending on the capacity utilisation of the coach and the car spaces. However, the best way to achieve the goal of a 50% expansion in visitor numbers whilst avoiding the potential issues with capacity and overcrowding the in the milk sheds as discussed above would be to address the constraints the company faces. According to Huefner (2011, p. 40), â€Å"companies of all sizes are limited by any number of constraints: capacity of their plants and other physical structures, distribution channels, rules and regulations, size and education of the workforce, and access to raw materials, to name a few†. As such, addressing and overcoming these constraints is a vital aspect of operations management, and enables companies to improve their profitability without having to invest additional capital. One of the main ways this could be achieved for the farm would be to improve capacity management through car park flexibility. Specifically, the farm should look to arrange the spaces in the car park so that coaches can park across two or three car parking spaces in order to bo ost capacity. This is because two or three cars will bring an average of around nine visitors, but a coach can contain 35 visitors. As such, by allowing some car spaces to be used for coaches, the farm could focus on attracting more coach groups at the weekends, and thus boost the effective capacity of the car park. This will play a vital role in boosting overall capacity, as parking is a critical factor in determining travel destinations (Nurul Habib et al, 2012, p. 154). This would also help the farm profit more by offering discounted entry fees to coach tours, as well as potentially running coaches from larger nearby car parks where other visitors could park and then ride to the farm. Another important tool that could be used to boost revenues and visitor numbers is to engage in superior demand management, through pricing structures. According to Hwang et al (2010, p. 465) the use of pricing for demand management plays a key role in the effective management of demand levels, a nd thus maximises potential revenue levels. In this case, the farm could offer half day visitor structures, whereby people who arrive later, after 4pm, when around 20% of visitors have left, will be offered discounted prices. There could also be discounted prices offered to people who arrive at 11am and stay only for a couple of hours, thus leaving before the large groups arrive. This would help ensure that more visitors can attend during quieter periods. Similarly, setting higher prices at the weekend and lower prices during the week could help ensure that more people came on Friday and Monday, when the farm is quiet, instead of at the weekends when it is busy. These efforts could be combined with revenue management techniques which use differential pricing strategies and capacity allocation tactics to maximise overall revenue levels for the farm, as well as visitor numbers (Deng et al, 2008, p. 737). In addition to this, the farm could boost capacity by opening new attraction n earby such as a go kart course. This would create funds to expand the car park and encourage people to visit both attractions at once. Different tickets could be sold for people who want to go on the go kart in the morning and visit the farm in the afternoon and vice versa, in order to smooth out demand levels across the two attractions. These efforts would improve capacity utilisation in the car park and boost the overall visitor numbers, but efforts will still be needed to address the issue of queuing for the milking shed, and ensuring capacity is smoothed in this area. One of the main ways to achieve this would be for each visitor to the milking shed to come to the shed when they first arrive and book a time slot for their viewing. This would help customers avoid having to queue and reduce customer discontent due to the length of the queue (Xu et al, 2007, p. 971). It would also ensure that customers were not left waiting until the end of the day and then frustrated that the m ilking shed was not open for them to see the milking. This approach would thus help reduce the queues in the milking shed and hence support the increase in visitor numbers for the farm as a whole. References and Bibliography Deng, H. Wang, Q. Leong, G. and Sun, S. (2008) The Usage of Opportunity Cost to Maximize Performance in Revenue Management. Decision Sciences; Nov2008, Vol. 39 Issue 4, p737-758 Huefner, R. (2011) A Guide to Integrating Revenue Management and Capacity Analysis. Management Accounting Quarterly; Autumn2011, Vol. 13 Issue 1, p40-46 Hwang, J. Gao, L. and Jang, W. (2010) Joint demand and capacity management in a restaurant system. European Journal of Operational Research; Nov2010, Vol. 207 Issue 1, p465-472 Nurul Habib, K. Morency, C. and Trà ©panier, M. (2012) Integrating parking behaviour in activity-based travel demand modelling: Investigation of the relationship between parking type choice and activity scheduling process. Transportation Research Part A: Policy Practice; Jan2012, Vol. 46 Issue 1, p154-166 Shim, J. and Siegel, J. (1999) Operations Management. Barrons Educational Series. Waters, D. (1999) Operations Management. Kogan Page Publishers. Xu, S. Long, G. and Jihong, O. (2007) Service Performance Analysis and Improvement for a Ticket Queue with Balking Customers. Management Science; Jun2007, Vol. 53 Issue 6, p971-990

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